# Human Behavior in the Social Environment  ## Metadata - Author: [[Irl Carter]] - Full Title: Human Behavior in the Social Environment - Category: #books ## Highlights - The wholistic view implied “downward” causality, while the atomistic view implied “upward” causality. ([Location 287](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B0747RCDPS&location=287)) - Tags: [[orange]] - Is energy an inclusive enough concept to denote the life of a social system? We suggest it is, if, borrowing from physics, the broader meaning includes both information and resources as “potential energy.” ([Location 340](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B0747RCDPS&location=340)) - Tags: [[orange]] - our symbols are “self-referential.” That is, we constantly communicate our symbols not only to each other, but to ourselves, constructing reality and constructing self (see the discussion of self, neuroscience, and mirror neurons in the Addendum to Chapter 2). ([Location 351](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B0747RCDPS&location=351)) - Tags: [[orange]] - The exact nature of human energy is undetermined and depends in part upon the particular system being examined. Within a person, we refer to psychic energy (the energy of the psyche, or personality); we could similarly refer to the social energy of a family, group, organization, or community. In these instances, energy means the system’s capacity to act, its power to maintain itself and to effect change. Energy derives from a complex of sources including the physical capacities of its members. These sources include social resources, such as loyalties, shared sentiments, and common values, and resources from the environment. Energy sources for personality systems could include food; the physical condition of the body; intellectual and emotional capabilities; emotional support from friends, family, or colleagues; cultural and religious sanctions for one’s beliefs and activities; recognition of one’s status by society and one’s colleagues in an organization; and perhaps most important, one’s own sense of worth and integrity. ([Location 364](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B0747RCDPS&location=364)) - Tags: [[orange]] - Identity is defined as personality components working together as a whole, while identity diffusion refers to lack of integration among personality components. A person who is schizophrenic is, in essence, a disorganized system. We can also see the importance of organization when it is applied to the family system. Families with problems are generally disorganized families, and the reasons for this disorganization can emanate from internal sources and/or external forces: The goals of one or more members are in opposition to system goals. The elements of organization (e.g., communication, feedback, and role expectations) are disrupted or unclear. Energies from within the system are not available or not sufficient for the demands on the system, The family is not adequately organized to obtain additional energy from outside its own system. The environment (the suprasystem) exercises a disorganizing influence on the family system (e.g., oppression or economic downturn). Energy is denied or not available from the suprasystem (e.g., unemployment or having welfare benefits cut off). ([Location 499](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B0747RCDPS&location=499)) - Tags: [[orange]] - The effort required by living systems to maintain order means that they constantly live “on the edge of chaos” (Capra, 1996). ([Location 559](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B0747RCDPS&location=559)) - Tags: [[orange]] - Looking inward, the person is a self-contained, unique whole, looking outward as a dependent part. No man is an island, he is a holon. ... (Koestler, 1979:303) ([Location 581](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B0747RCDPS&location=581)) - Tags: [[orange]] - Structure refers to those processes of energy interchange in which change is slowest and of longest duration and thus appear to the observer to be static. Those processes that change slowly over time but are not apparently static (that is, they move faster than structural but slower than behavioral changes), we label evolutionary aspects. Behavioral processes are of relatively faster tempo and shorter duration. ([Location 628](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B0747RCDPS&location=628)) - Tags: [[orange]] ## New highlights added December 28, 2023 at 1:49 PM - definition of phenomenology is: A method of exploration that primarily uses human experience as the source of data and attempts to include all human experience without bias. . .Phenomenology is the basic method of most existentialists. (Corsini and Wedding, 1989:597) ([Location 885](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B0747RCDPS&location=885)) - Tags: [[orange]] - In cybernetics and systems thought, feedback includes not only the echo but the adjustment made to the echo. It is “feed” and “back”; a newer way to put it is “feed forward.” ([Location 966](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B0747RCDPS&location=966)) - Tags: [[orange]] - “unconditional positive regard”; ([Location 980](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B0747RCDPS&location=980)) - Tags: [[orange]] - Consciousness fits perceptions of external phenomena into these schemas and, in Husserl’s term, “intuits wholes” (systems). It critiques any systemic characteristics in phenomena and, when a whole/system is identified, this perception amounts to the emergence of the system. ([Location 1046](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B0747RCDPS&location=1046)) - Tags: [[orange]] - is driven to understand the phenomenon that is presented to him and to act upon it: and so it is with consciousness. In Husserl’s phenomenology, it is this craving that is the essential characteristic of consciousness. ([Location 1058](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B0747RCDPS&location=1058)) - Tags: [[orange]] - Note: Matching internal external models as drive volition - One cannot have a self without others . ... Likewise, other people need us in order to grow and develop” (Calcagno, 2007:128). In other words, we create each other. ([Location 1071](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B0747RCDPS&location=1071)) - Tags: [[orange]] - our brains are “hard wired” to respond to these interpretations by imitating them—an astounding finding by neuroscientists that seems to confirm Stein’s theory of empathy. ([Location 1087](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B0747RCDPS&location=1087)) - Tags: [[orange]] - What are the worker’s credentials and credibility both with the solicited source and with the client system she represents? Does the worker have experience with foundations, government agencies, volunteer and community organizations, so as to be able to identify with and communicate to, the systems being approached? ([Location 1195](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B0747RCDPS&location=1195)) - Tags: [[orange]] - First and generally, culture refers to those qualities and attributes that seem to be characteristic of all humankind. Culture denotes those things unique to the species homo sapiens as differentiated from all other forms of life. Humans, by contrast to all other species, evolve and adapt primarily through culture rather than changes in anatomy or genetics. ([Location 1304](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B0747RCDPS&location=1304)) - Tags: [[orange]] - This, then, is the second usage of culture—that which binds a particular society together, and includes its manners and morals, tools, and techniques. To repeat, culture may refer to either of two levels: that which is characteristic of the species, and that which is characteristic of some specific population within the human species. ([Location 1317](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B0747RCDPS&location=1317)) - Tags: [[orange]] - Among humans, the existence of the family is, of course, a necessary element for the development of culture because culture is transmitted from one generation to the next through education—not through the genes (though this is still a debatable point). ([Location 1405](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B0747RCDPS&location=1405)) - Tags: [[orange]] - La Barre (1954:266) said “A psychotic’s truth is one ‘I’ make it, and cultural truth is what by unwitting vote ‘we’ make it; but ultimate truth still remains in the outside world of that which is.” ([Location 1495](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B0747RCDPS&location=1495)) - Tags: [[orange]] - Jerome Bruner termed “the five great humanizing forces” (Bruner, 1968:75ff.): tool making, social organization, language, management of the prolonged human childhood, and the human urge to explain the world. We add another: social relationships. ([Location 1539](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B0747RCDPS&location=1539)) - Tags: [[orange]] - Illich defined culture as “the sum of rules by which the individual came to terms with pain, sickness and death, interpreted them, and practiced compassion toward others faced by the same threats. Each culture set up the myths, the taboos, and the ethical standards needed to deal with the fragility of life” (Ivan Illich, quoted in D. Schwartz, 1997:84). Note that he is describing empathy as a basis for culture. ([Location 1763](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B0747RCDPS&location=1763)) - Tags: [[orange]] - The principles of bureaucracy, as delineated by Weber, are: division of labor and specialization of tasks; hierarchy of position; each officeholder or employee is supervised by a higher authority; a consistent system of generalized rules to assure coordination of tasks and uniform results (that is, effectiveness), through, e.g., a manual of policies and procedures; impartiality toward members of the organization as well as those being served, in the conduct of the organization’s activity, at all levels; secure employment within the organization, based on objective criteria and impartial evaluation; machinelike efficiency; 7 separation of career and personal life, so that the organization’s control is limited to work-related matters; positions are filled by persons qualified by training and/or experience specifically for that position; and transactions are reported in a form that can be recorded and properly stored. ([Location 2434](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B0747RCDPS&location=2434)) - Tags: [[orange]] - five major theories of organizations (1) the Classical model, (2) Decision theory, (3) Human Relations theory, and (4) Conflict theory, followed by (5) the Systems model. Interwoven with these are Handy’s conception of organizational “cultures,” which are consistent with our discussion of microcultures in Chapter 3. Following these, we briefly discuss three alternatives, person-based, power-based, and patrimonial organizations. ([Location 2445](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B0747RCDPS&location=2445)) - Tags: [[orange]] - the first perspective treated the organization as a relatively closed system; the second treated the organization as having permeable interior boundaries (internal openness); and the third treats the organization as open to both components and environment. ([Location 2456](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B0747RCDPS&location=2456)) - Tags: [[orange]] - In this theory, power consists of access to, and control of, information that is sufficient to formulate policy, and the ability to get others to carry out the actions necessary to implement the policy. ([Location 2492](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B0747RCDPS&location=2492)) - Tags: [[orange]] - This can perhaps best be represented by a grid. The “matrix” organization embodies this culture. The organization assembles the appropriate resources and expertise at the appropriate intersections of the grid. Expertise is placed at the intersections where projects occur; a premium is placed on expertise, and power flows from these temporary locations. The organization and its temporary subunits are united by specific tasks, in the short term, and by a sequence of tasks accomplished, in the long term. This is a highly adaptable organization. ([Location 2508](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B0747RCDPS&location=2508)) - Tags: [[orange]] - Scott identifies two varieties of natural systems theory: (1) social consensus, “a view of collectivities as composed of individuals sharing primarily common objectives,” exemplified by human relations theory, and (2) social conflict, which “views social order as resulting from the suppression of some interests by others. Order results not from consensus, but from coercion, the dominance of weaker by more powerful groups” (ibid.). ([Location 2515](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B0747RCDPS&location=2515)) - Tags: [[orange]] - and the influence of the technology that is used, not the human, emotive factors. This gave rise to the study of the “sociotechnical” aspects of industry, the interaction of persons with technology (often called cybernetics). In contrast to the classical, machine theory, conflict theory pictures organizations as open systems; that is, the structure of the organization varies according to the environment and the technology employed. ([Location 2551](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B0747RCDPS&location=2551)) - Tags: [[orange]] - The kibbutz, the commune, the cooperative, are all striving after the person culture in organizational form. On the whole, only their original creators achieve any success. Too soon, the organization achieves its own identity and begins to impose on its individuals. It becomes, at best, a task culture, but often a power or a role culture. (ibid.:196) ([Location 2587](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B0747RCDPS&location=2587)) - Tags: [[orange]] - The traditional person culture of universities may be ending as universities become “corporatized,” that is, as they have become role cultures (under centralized control by a university president, state Board of Regents, or state governor, e.g.) or task culture (as departments are dismantled and faculty are shifted into ad hoc research or instructional units). The implications of this for universities as “knowledge organizations” are enormous. ([Location 2600](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B0747RCDPS&location=2600)) - Tags: [[orange]] - “if you want a friend in Washington, get a dog.” ([Location 2616](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B0747RCDPS&location=2616)) - Tags: [[orange]] - Thoughtful analyses including some by science fiction writers (notably the late Isaac Asimov in the Foundation series) suggest that governments ofthe future may not be nation-states. Instead, international conglomerates may rule, and perhaps more rationally. It may well be that unless national governments become equally adaptable, other organizations may absorb what we now recognize as “governmental” functions. The United Nations recognized the insufficiency of information on multinationals and their activities and formulated a code of ethics for multinational enterprises. ([Location 2695](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B0747RCDPS&location=2695)) - Tags: [[orange]] - critics point to the priority that bureaucracies give to “masculine” virtues and values (see discussion of Horney’s and Gilligan’s views in Chapter 8): inequality, hierarchy, impersonality, aggressiveness, competition, and independence. These differ from “women’s values,” which are egalitarian, personalized, nurturant, and relational (W. R. Scott, 1998:5). ([Location 2729](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B0747RCDPS&location=2729)) - Tags: [[orange]] - Goals have various functions: (W. R. Scott, 1998:286-287): (1) cognitive, to guide decision-making and action; (2) cathectic, or motivational, to psychologically “hook” members and external systems into participation; (3) symbolic, to gain support by capitalizing on people’s views of the organization, and to secure legitimacy and resources; (4) justification for organizational actions; and (5) bases for evaluation of organizational functioning. ([Location 2889](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B0747RCDPS&location=2889)) - Tags: [[orange]] - Organization theorists have focused primarily on two aspects of organizations: structure and compliance. Understandably, managers of organizations devote more attention to compliance—how to assure the desired results—than to any other aspect of organizations. There are three forms of control, as Etzioni describes them, each of which fits with a particular kind of organization: (a) physical control, employed by coercive organizations, such as the military or prisons, which use threat and punishment; (b) material rewards such as goods and services, used by remunerative organizations, in which members calculate the benefits they will receive; and (c) symbolic rewards, employed by normative organizations, which use moral involvement and social acceptance as means of control, which tend to encourage high levels of commitment to the organization by its members. ([Location 2974](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B0747RCDPS&location=2974)) - Tags: [[orange]] - Here is a simple, elegant formulation, which forms a typology of leadership: The person ahead of the system through special accomplishment or creativity, e.g., Lincoln, Gandhi, Einstein, Lenin, or Freud. The person who is the head of the system, given leadership through formal structural procedures such as election or delegation of authority, e.g., the president of the United States or a corporate chief executive officer (CEO). The person who is a head of a system, one who situationally emerges with particular talents or qualities for determining and attaining systemic purposes. (Ross and Hendry, 1957:13-36) ([Location 3016](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B0747RCDPS&location=3016)) - Tags: [[orange]] - We need “profound” people in “profound” organizations. ([Location 3051](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B0747RCDPS&location=3051)) - Tags: [[orange]] - Like other social systems, groups are characterized by energy/information exchange to promote synergy; this term, originated by anthropologist Ruth Benedict, was applied to groups by psychologist Abraham Maslow. ([Location 3115](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B0747RCDPS&location=3115)) - Tags: [[orange]] - Self-help and support groups differ primarily in the amount of direction the leader or facilitator provides. The role of the worker is to encourage sharing, risk taking, and mutual problem solving. He or she may ask members to speak directly to one another, may focus the discussion, and may limit story telling. ... The worker helps members explain their situations, offer suggestions to others, provide support, and learn from each other. (Reid, 1997:11) ([Location 3152](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B0747RCDPS&location=3152)) - Tags: [[orange]] - The polarities discussed above indicate that groups have important properties of systems: adaptation, integration, goal-seeking, structural maintenance, and structural change. ([Location 3262](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B0747RCDPS&location=3262)) - Tags: [[orange]] - Norm, consensus, and bond. ([Location 3284](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B0747RCDPS&location=3284)) - Tags: [[orange]] - Such tolerance permits open discussion ofthe group’s emerging culture, i.e., the way we do things. Some sense of “we-ness” must emerge: “Until that collection of autonomous individuals begins to feel some allegiance to the collectivity and finds some way to work together on a common goal, a group has not yet formed” (Hardcastle et al., 1997:265). ([Location 3335](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B0747RCDPS&location=3335)) - Tags: [[orange]] - They are (1) “milling around,” (2) “resistance to personal expression,” (3) “description of past feelings,” (4) “expression of negative feelings,” and (5) expression of personal feelings (Rogers, 1970:15-20). ([Location 3339](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B0747RCDPS&location=3339)) - Tags: [[orange]] - The process of socialization may be of three kinds: compliance, in which the person conforms, but does not agree with the group’s view; identification, in which members adopt the group’s view because the group becomes part of their own identities; internalization, in which the group’s view is adopted because it meets some personal objective, or resolves a member’s internal or external conflict; that is, the group’s view agrees with the member’s view. The adaptation of the person and the integrative behavior of the system must reach some mutually acceptable “bargain,” or the process of socialization will fail. ([Location 3470](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B0747RCDPS&location=3470)) - Tags: [[orange]] - Among some American Indian tribes, passing around a “talking stick” has been a sophisticated means to achieve the same end, the recognition of every member’s contribution. ([Location 3504](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B0747RCDPS&location=3504)) - Tags: [[orange]] - Many of the concepts in family systems theory are the same as in general systems theory—for example, terms like input, output, feedback, rules of transformation, and boundaries. In addition, however, a number of concepts are primarily limited to the family-systems theory: individuation, mystification, paradoxical bonding, double bind, complementary and parallel relationships, metacommunication, rules and metarules, boundaries, openness, pseudomutuality, coalition, and triangulation. (Burr, 1995:85) ([Location 3553](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B0747RCDPS&location=3553)) - Tags: [[orange]] - Margaret Adams, a social worker, described the historical process by which women are channeled into social work, nursing, teaching, secretarial work, and certain other professions, as “the compassion trap”: ([Location 3876](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B0747RCDPS&location=3876)) - Tags: [[orange]] - Instead of (or in addition to) keeping the family intact and maximally functional, women became involved in housekeeping tasks on behalf of society at large and assumed responsibility for keeping its operation viable. (Adams, 1971:72) ([Location 3881](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B0747RCDPS&location=3881)) - Tags: [[orange]] - The characteristics of the family system will be grouped under our usual headings of structure, behavior, and evolution. ([Location 3933](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B0747RCDPS&location=3933)) - Tags: [[orange]] - “The message here seems to be that, when it comes to securing the kind of power that exists in the family realm, nothing—not superior physical strength, nor greater economic resources, nor culturally ascribed authority—can substitute for investment, attention, connection, and care” ([Location 4060](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B0747RCDPS&location=4060)) - Tags: [[orange]] - Although other social institutions such as religious and fraternal organizations also fulfill the function, the family is expected to be the primary system wherein a person can relax (“unwind”), cast off externally adaptable role behaviors, and “be oneself.” In some cultures, the coffeehouse, bar, or the geisha perform this function for men; it is not clear how this function is performed for women in these societies; perhaps by mutual support among female family members. Perhaps sensitivity and support groups are substitutes for this family function, in our culture. ([Location 4091](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B0747RCDPS&location=4091)) - Tags: [[orange]] - In the past, the “broken home” was especially maligned. This process is similar to family scapegoat-ing, in which a family member is loaded with the responsibility for family pain and dysfunction; thus the family both scapegoats and is scapegoated. ([Location 4114](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B0747RCDPS&location=4114)) - Tags: [[orange]] - “What [Piaget] found significant is that in every case where acceleration [of learning] takes place, it results from a conflict arising in the child’s own mind. It is the child’s own effort to resolve a conflict that takes him or her on to another level” (Duckworth, 1996:39, emphasis ours). This is an example of self-development of the person as system. ([Location 4357](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B0747RCDPS&location=4357)) - Tags: [[orange]] - In Piaget’s view, equilibrium is a steady state of the cognitive processes. He regarded equilibrium as a dynamic balance between the person and the environment, in which the person’s knowledge and self-organization are adequate to understand what is experienced. ([Location 4391](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B0747RCDPS&location=4391)) - Tags: [[orange]] - According to Piaget, intelligence is both the means and the end; it is both the activity of coping and the end state of compatibility between the organism and its environment. ([Location 4397](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B0747RCDPS&location=4397)) - Tags: [[orange]] - As it matures, the child will conduct these operations mentally—that is, to carry on the action internally, think it through, correct it, then try it, all without picking up the bottle. Piaget said that thought is precisely such actions and schemas, refined and modified endlessly. ([Location 4424](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B0747RCDPS&location=4424)) - Tags: [[orange]] - Males’ styles of relating are presumably more compatible with bureaucratic (including military) ways of organizing their lives and activities. Conversely, women are presumably more (but not exclusively) compatible with informal styles of organization and communication, even within bureaucracies; “networking” is more characteristic of women as a style of relationship and communication. ([Location 4609](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B0747RCDPS&location=4609)) - Tags: [[orange]] - If the components of personality are not brought together, the person is fragmented and has no solid sense of self. The person is not capable of putting energy to concerted use—the person is entropic. Schizophrenia, with its disorganization of personality components and particular disparity between thought and feeling, is the extreme form of such fragmentation. Interestingly, the earlier term for schizophrenia was dementia praecox, meaning “insanity of the young.” ([Location 5018](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B0747RCDPS&location=5018)) - Tags: [[orange]] - Adolescence, then, begins with biology and ends by social definition: the beginning is organism, the process is organism interacting with culture, and the termination is culturally determined. ([Location 5057](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B0747RCDPS&location=5057)) - Tags: [[orange]] - As Erikson puts it so clearly, “It is through their ideology that social systems enter into the fiber of the next generation and attempt to absorb into their lifeblood the rejuvenative power of youth” ([Location 5117](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B0747RCDPS&location=5117)) - Tags: [[orange]] - The special “virtue” that Erikson attached to identity is fidelity. The proclivity of youth to invest self in a belief, an idea, or a person with total commitment and faith is well-known: the search for the Holy Grail, the Crusades, the willingness to follow the knight in shining armor, be he Arthur Pendragon, Gandhi, Mao Tse Tung, or Barack Obama. To experience total and complete volitional commitment (in both work and love) seems a necessary element of an emerging identity. ([Location 5122](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B0747RCDPS&location=5122)) - Tags: [[orange]] - Self-development, system emergence, is the crisis of adolescence. ([Location 5138](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B0747RCDPS&location=5138)) - Tags: [[orange]] - A person must be fairly certain and comfortable with self before successfully entering into a sustained, intimate, and constructive relationship with another. ([Location 5143](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B0747RCDPS&location=5143)) - Tags: [[orange]] - To put it another way, the person completes the transition from the family of origin to the family of procreation (or family of orientation). This psychosocial crisis addresses itself to the activities of love and work. If ([Location 5162](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B0747RCDPS&location=5162)) - Tags: [[orange]] - Levinson identified distinct periods in the lives of men (his subsequent book on women is discussed earlier in this chapter, and again later): ([Location 5186](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B0747RCDPS&location=5186)) - Tags: [[orange]] - He suggested that one is valued not for what one is but for what one seems to be; this is then related to supply and demand. “Image” becomes crucial and the person must project the “right” image to be successful; the resumé becomes the person. ([Location 5230](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B0747RCDPS&location=5230)) - Tags: [[orange]] - Erikson’s polarity during the waning years of life is ego integrity vs. disgust and despair. This is the culmination of the previous seven crises. ([Location 5303](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B0747RCDPS&location=5303)) - Tags: [[orange]] - Webster’s Dictionary is kind enough to help us complete this outline in circular fashion. Trust (the first of our ego values) is here defined as “the assured reliance on another’s integrity,” the last of our values. ... It seems possible to further paraphrase the relation of adult integrity to infantile trust by saying that healthy children will not fear life if their elders have integrity enough not to fear death. ([1963] 1993:269) ([Location 5421](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B0747RCDPS&location=5421)) - Tags: [[orange]]